Aristotle s Understanding Of The Four Causes - 1448 Words

a) Explain Aristotle’s understanding of the four causes Aristotle explains that anything which changes is subject to causes giving it potentiality. Potentiality means that something has a purpose to fulfil when it is enabled to, this potentiality becomes actuality when it achieves that purpose which Aristotle called ‘Telos’. Therefore in order to go from cause to effect an object must change and Aristotle understood this process in four different ways called the four causes. He understood that each of the four causes was necessary to explain the change from potentiality to actuality. The Final cause is a very different cause to the other three. Whereas the Material, Efficient and Formal causes all relate to how something exists, the Final†¦show more content†¦The third cause is the formal cause, this is used to explain the shape that something has and what allows it to become identified. For example, we recognise a dog because of its certain shape. The material and efficient cause do not specify what the object actua lly is because if the dog were a completely different physical shape it would not be recognised as a dog. The final cause however, is when something achieves it end or telos. This means that the final cause of a dog is to reproduce to continue its species. Aristotle used this idea of a final cause to demonstrate the nature of goodness. He taught that being good was when something had achieved its telos. Therefore the right way to behave would be to work toward achieving your purpose and this means that doing anything that does not progress toward fulfilling your telos would be immoral. If a snowman is taken as an example, then the Material cause is snow, the efficient cause is the children who made it, and the Formal cause is the shape of the snowman. These three causes could be seen to be sufficient for how to work out what the snowman is, however Aristotle s Final cause states that for the snowman to be anything, then it must fulfil its purpose. In this case the snowman’s final cause is to enable the children to have fun. However if the snowman did not fulfil its purpose it would have no reason for being. If the snowman did not make children happy then the efficient, material and formal

Strategic Perspectives Free Essays

string(236) " to offer similar value with a lower price; differentiation, achieved by a company when it offers benefits different from and of more value than those of its competitors; and, focus on either of the two \(Kim, Nam and Stimpert, 2004\)\." 1.0 Executive summary Since 2008, a number of human rights issues such as poor working conditions and mishandling/abuse of staff have become a great concern for Zara resulting in PR crises. This report identifies and critically analyses Zara’s stakeholder issues employing key concepts such as the stakeholder theory, organizational ethics, CSR concepts and reputation management concepts. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Perspectives or any similar topic only for you Order Now It proposes better handling of ethical and governance issues and their institution in the organization’s corporate culture. This report also evaluates Zara’s levels of strategy focusing at two levels; the business and corporate level. Corporate strategy entails the pursuit of three generic strategies towards competitive advantage including cost leadership, differentiation, or a focus on either of the two. Zara is identified to pursue a hybrid strategy simultaneously pursuing both cost leadership and differentiation in its numerous strategic choices. With regard to corporate level strategy which focuses on the organization’s overall scope, Zara has adopted a growth strategy pursuing vertical integration, market development, market penetration and product development strategies in its endeavour to sustain its growth and strategic positioning. This report concludes by evaluating the various strategies it suggests for their sustainability, acceptability and feasibility and therefore potential benefit to the company and capacity for implementation. 2.0 Issues affecting the image of the company A number of issues have impacted Zara since 2008 resulting to what can be referred to as PR crises which have become a great concern for the company in its strategic positioning as it looks forward into the future (Inditex, 2013). This report employs a critical application of organizational ethics theory, CSR concepts, stakeholder applications and reputations management concepts in the identification and analysis of these stakeholder issues. These concepts are however limited by their lack of clear and decisive methods through they can be utilized effectively to develop standards (Dricscoll and Hoffman, 2002). Notable among the crises was the human rights concerns with regard to Zara’s operations in 2011 and testimonies by Zara staff of abuse and terror meted against them later in 2012. In the former instance, the company was accused of employing suppliers in its outsourced production strategy who were running sweat shops, an accusation which subsequently led to the closure of one of its factories over poor labour conditions. The company agreed to these accusations taking the position that the misdeeds pointed out amounted to a serious breach to its code of conduct (Inditex, 2013; Economist, 2012). In the latter instance, testimonies and claims of abuse and terror meted on 25 of Zara’s employees, including store managers and staff, were aired in the media. The company undertook to regularize such situations through the enhancement of supervision of the production systems of its entire network of suppliers (Economist, 2012). 2.1 Stakeholder theory The Stakeholder theory states that, without regard to the fact that some stakeholders would make more contributions to the organization, all stakeholders are entitled to equal treatment (Dricscoll and Hoffman, 2002). Stakeholders include individuals, organizations or groups that have legitimate interest in the business and who therefore affect or are affected by its actions (Nordberg, 2011). With crises and concerns over abuses of human rights, Zara’s corporate reputation and brand equity was hard hit giving it the image of a business entity which neither places sufficient importance to the needs of its stakeholders nor regard to them (Economist, 2012; Buelens, et al., 2011). With the interdependence between the company and its stakeholders, it is essential for an organization, in the recognition of the needs of its stakeholders, to act and reason rationally as well as to make ethical responses. The organization’s leadership is required to have the desire, will and the skill that will ensure that all stakeholders are treated with respect and their voices heard (Buelens, et al., 2011). 2.2 Corporate social responsibility Among the ways in which corporate entities may shore up their reputation and image as perceived by its stakeholders is through conformance and adherence to ethical principles (Dricscoll and Hoffman, 2002). A notable avenue is the pursuit of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) which is a mechanism integrated into business processes and an organization’s business model that ensures that ethical principles and provisions in law are complied with and monitored (Nordberg, 2011; Dricscoll and Hoffman, 2002). It entails the deliberate attempts by an organization to do good as a corporate citizen in reciprocation of goodwill it enjoys from society. For success in ensuring adherence to ethical principles and in the endeavour to build up its corporate image and reputation, Zara needs to institute mechanisms towards CSR that would also serve to guide its mission towards a better relationship with its stakeholders, outline its stand on such issues and as well clearly indicate the promis es it intends to uphold for society as an entity obtaining its sustenance within society (Dricscoll and Hoffman, 2002). 2.3 Organizational ethics Organizational ethics is a concept that expresses the values of an organization to its stakeholders (Dricscoll and Hoffman, 2002). It includes written codes of ethics or standards such as Zara’s â€Å"Code of Conduct for External Manufacturers and Workshops of Inditex† which it claims to have had (Inditex, 2013); systems of reporting which are guarded with confidentiality; as well as ethics training and advice (Buelens, et al., 2011). Despite its claims of written codes of conduct, it is evident that they were not complied with, respected and adhered to. For its success in entrenching organizational ethics, Zara should endeavour to institute elaborate systems traversing the entire organization and its partners that enable the maintenance of requisite ethical standards (Nordberg, 2011). 3.0 Zara’s levels of strategy 3.1 Business level strategy of Zara The primary aim of a business in the competitive business environment, underpinning its goals and objectives of sustenance and growth, is to develop an edge over rival firms building on its resources and competencies. Porter fronts three generic strategies which a company can employ in its pursuit of competitive advantage over its rivals (Kim, Nam and Stimpert, 2004). They include cost leadership, in which a company seeks to offer similar value with a lower price; differentiation, achieved by a company when it offers benefits different from and of more value than those of its competitors; and, focus on either of the two (Kim, Nam and Stimpert, 2004). You read "Strategic Perspectives" in category "Essay examples" A company can pursue a hybrid of both strategies simultaneously, achieving differentiation and a price lower than its rivals. Zara pursues a hybrid strategy seeking to exploit both cost leadership and differentiation strategies. Its closest and most comparable rivals challenging its market presence and competitive advantage include Gap, HM and Benetton though Zara sits closest with HM in the more fashionable and less priced segment. Zara is however considered to be more fashionable among the three, a position the company intends to sustain and exploit (Inditex, 2013; Economist, 2012). Its strategic venture into the low-cost segment through its Lefties brand of stores illustrates its pursuit of a clear cost leadership strategy enabling Zara to tap into lower market segments meeting the need of customers in the current harsh economic times (Inditex, 2013). This ensures that the company is still better placed to sustain its growth and profits even with unfavourable shifts in the economy and consumer spending. However, Zara primarily pursues a differentiation strategy through significant focus on competitive strategies that enhance overall efficiency in its entire value chain (Economist, 2012; Inditex, 2013). Zara’s value chain, which is often tweaked to enhance efficiency and performance, is a major platform upon which the company derives its differentiation from rivals. Enhanced efficiency is enabled by vertical integration and therefore control of crucial processes; employment of technology to coordinate suppliers, production and distribution processes; outsourcing of intensive tasks; as well as its finely-tuned logistics and just-in-time manufacturing strategy which shorten response time and enable the achievement of greater flexibility in variety, frequency and amount of new styles produced (Economist, 2012; Inditex, 2013; BloombergBusinessweek, 2009). The constant refinement of operations in pursuit of continuous efficiency gains including leveraging on technology to enhance crucial production processes has enabled the company to reverse the trend of costs rising faster than revenues. Enhanced efficiency and attendant effectiveness lead to the minimization of costly errors, reduction in costs which consequently enables the enhancement of bottom line and price (Inditex, 2013; Carpenter and Sanders, 2007). Zara also derives its differentiation from its effective market intelligence and focus on continuous awareness and understanding of the customer. Customer feedback through personalized ‘word-of-mouth’ interactions with staff at store level used to assess their preferences and wants is used to guide design and development, as well as other essential improvements (Inditex, 2013; BloombergBusinessweek, 2009). Unlike its competitor’s reliance on electronic consumer data, this has enabled quick turnaround of merchan dise through quicker replenishment of popular items and removal of slow-selling lines enabling Zara to generate more cash, reduce inventory and eliminate the need for significant debt on held inventories which has a direct impact on costs (Inditex, 2013; BloombergBusinessweek, 2009). These strategies and the resultant efficiency have enabled the company to achieve enhanced return visits by customers far greater than the industry average on several indices, a significant competitive advantage (Inditex, 2013; Economist, 2012). They have also enabled Zara to incur significantly less expenditure on advertising with the saved revenue being redeployed to enhance competitive advantage (Inditex, 2013). 3.2 Corporate level strategy Corporate level strategy as the highest level of strategy in an organization is concerned with the overall scope, seeking to add value to constituent businesses/ elements within the entire organization (Lynch, R., 2006). In its pursuit of competitive advantage in the hostile business environment characterized by intense competition and economic challenges, Zara has adopted a growth focus in its corporate strategy. This is evidenced by its pursuit of vertical integration, market penetration, market development and product development strategies in an attempt to sustain its growth and strategic positioning in the fashion industry (Lynch, R., 2006; Inditex, 2013). Guiding these strategic decisions and particular choices, the Ansoff matrix highlights scenarios in consideration of the existence or newness of products or markets (Christodoulou and Patel, 2012; Mintzberg, et al., 2008). Existing productNew product Existing marketMarket penetrationProduct development New marketMarket developmentDiversification Ansoff matrix 3.2.1 Market penetration and market development Zara is hindered by constraints resultant from its Spain-centred model, a major weakness in its endeavour to sustain growth and to maintain its strategic positioning (BloombergBusinessweek, 2009; Economist, 2012). An outward focus towards market development is essential. This has necessitated international expansion and the exploitation of untapped markets including North and South America, Asia, Middle East, Africa and the rest of Europe, particularly Italy. Enabled by the construction of additional distribution facilities in Zaragoza, Spain and in South America, as well as the upward scaling of its logistics processes to enable the realization of economies of scale in the strategic expansion, the company has spread out into Asia, America, Australia, India and Africa (BloombergBusinessweek, 2009; Economist, 2012). The company has also sought to achieve market penetration in its development of virtual stores, tapping into the opportunities in internet retailing and marketing through online stores and boutiques. Available in ten countries and seeking entry into the USA and Korea, the company has since 2010 sought to exploit this model venturing into this field (Inditex, 2013; Economist, 2012). 3.2.2Product development For a company to survive and grow in the fast changing fashion industry, it is essential that a business keenly enhances product development, matching or beating its rivals in output and production of new items. Zara has endeavoured to maximize its throughput of new items keeping merchandise in stores always new and fresh. This frequency, enabled by just-in-time manufacturing and focus on limited runs, also ensures that products do not stay long enough risking replication or imitation (Inditex, 2013; Carpenter and Sanders, 2007). The active pursuit of market intelligence and awareness and appreciation of customer preference ensures that the company does not become complacent and unresponsive thereby losing its track in the fast changing and intensely competitive industry (Carpenter and Sanders, 2007; Thompson, et al., 2008). 3.2.3 Vertical integration To enhance control of the entire business and its processes, achieve stability of production and thereby strengthen its competitive position, Zara has pursued vertical integration strategies. These include forward integration through the investment in distribution facilities and specialty stores, as well as backward into production and manufacturing facilities. Zara has also developed subsidiaries that manage its purchases of fabric and dyes (Inditex, 2013). The company has undertaken this strategy in an endeavour to minimize its exposure to expensive distributors and suppliers and the inefficiency attendant to the lack of complete control of especially crucial processes. 4.0 Recommendations Zara in its performance and strategic positioning can be considered to be a success. However, the company cannot afford complacency and should endeavour to maintain its competitiveness and to sustain its position in the fashion industry into the future. At its strategic position and level of maturity and given the slow growth of the fashion industry and attendant economic challenges (Economist, 2012; BloombergBusinessweek, 2009), a number of strategies are suggested for Zara to pursue for its sustenance into the future. Among these strategies is Diversification either into a business that also deals in fashion or to an unrelated field adding value and broadening present business. Also recommended is the strengthening and sustenance of its successful strategies such as efficiency in its entire value chain which has been the primary factor that has enabled its differentiation; Market Development in its international expansion and exploitation of new markets; and Market Penetration in the exploitation of the boom in the information technology field, enhancing its virtual platforms and stores. Such ventures have the potential of being important avenues through which the company can acquire additional revenue, as well as, reducing its exposure to vulnerabilities of its centralized model and complete focus on a single line of business. 5.0 Evaluation of strategies A simple and straightforward criteria used to evaluate strategy is the Suitability, Acceptability and Feasibility model (SAF). It offers a process of rationalization to assess importance, priority and likely success of each strategy identified (Haberberg, A., and A., Rieple, 2008; Thompson, et al., 2008). This report evaluates two strategies identified above including: diversification and continued market development. 5.1 Suitability Suitability is concerned with the rationale of the strategy and its overall fit in the organization’s mission (Thompson, et al., 2008). At the company’s level of maturation, with regard to the Industry Life Cycle (ILC), and stature in the fashion industry, diversification is highly recommended as a priority strategy given that its strong competitive position in the fashion industry is constrained by slowed growth in the market. This strategy would enable the broadening of present business to include complementary products (Carpenter and Sanders, 2007). Continued market development is also recommended for Zara enabling it to tap into new markets enhancing its growth and ensuring its sustainability. These strategies would generally also enable the company to lower its vulnerabilities to financial and political factors that could affect it given its centralized model, as well as risks attendant to the fashion industry (Economist, 2012; Mintzberg, et al., 2008). 5.2 Acceptability Acceptability deals with the expected outcomes of the implementation of strategy and expectations of stakeholders (Thompson, et al., 2008). Diversification, if pursued, would enable the capturing of cross-business strategic fits such as the creation of new competitive strengths and capabilities, the sharing of facilities to reduce costs, and/or the spreading of risks across diverse businesses (Christodoulou and Patel, 2012). Market Development and entry into new territories/geographical areas and distribution channels enable the company to exploit markets that are not saturated, utilising its surplus production capacity. These strategies would enable the generation of additional revenue and the securing of shareholder interests which contribute to the enhancement of shareholder value (Carpenter and Sanders, 2007). They would also reduce risks due to Zara’s centralized mode of operations. 5.3 Feasibility Feasibility is concerned with the capacity of the organization to implement the strategy, especially focusing on the availability of resources (Thompson, et al., 2008). With Zara’s success in the fashion industry and, consequently, availability of adequate financial and organizational resources, as well as the consideration of the diminishing prospects of growth in the fashion industry (Economist, 2012; BloombergBusinessweek, 2009), diversification should be a priority strategy for Zara. Its surplus financial and organizational resources can be exploited to enable the company’s sustenance and growth. These surplus resources can also be utilized in pursuit of Market Development. Its highly efficient distribution system can be scaled up, such as in its present initiative to develop additional distribution facilities (Inditex, 2013), to build the company’s capacity to exploit the opportunity offered. Zara has successfully found activities that matter to customers and has significantly enhanced key activities enhancing its key activities. However, to sustain this strategic position and achieve necessary growth into the future, the company needs to pursue appropriate strategies as outlined above especially diversification, market development and the continuous pursuit of efficiency gains. 6.0 References BloombergBusinessweek, 2009. Zara Looks to Asia for Growth. August 26 Buelens, M., K., Sinding, C., Waldstrom, R., Kreitner, and A., Kinicki, 2011. Organisational Behaviour, 4th Edition: McGrawHill Higher Education Carpenter, M., and W., Sanders, 2007. Strategic Management: A Dynamic Perspective. Harlow: Pearson Prentice Hall Dricscoll, D., and W., Hoffman, 2002. Ethics Matters: How to Implement Values-Driven Management Economist, 2012. Inditex Fashion forward Zara: Spain’s most successful brand, is trying to go global. Mar 24th. LA CORUNA Haberberg, A., and A., Rieple, 2008. Strategic Management: Theory and Application, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Inditex, 2013. Zara. Viewed from: http://www.inditex.com/en/who_we_are/concepts/zara Kim, Nam and Stimpert, 2004. â€Å"The Applicability of Porter’s Generic Strategies in the Digital Age: Assumptions, Conjectures, and Suggestions.† In: Journal of Management, 30, 5 Lynch, R., 2006. Corporate Strategy, (4th ed.), Harlow: FT Prentice Hall Mintzberg, H., B., Ahlstrand, and J., Lampel, 2008. Strategy Safari: The Complete Guide Through the Wilds of Strategic Management , 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall Nordberg, D., 2011. Corporate Governance: Principles and Issues. London: Sage Publications. Christodoulou, I., and Z., Patel 2012. BKEY 601 Strategic Perspectives, McGraw Hill editions. Thompson, A., A., Strickland, and J., Gamble, 2008. Crafting and Executing Strategy: (16th edition), Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill How to cite Strategic Perspectives, Essay examples

Writing in the Discipline Relationship to the Ways of Knowing and Doing free essay sample

Writing in the discipline is founded on a relationship between knowing, doing, and writing. It is important that we understand the two categories creating disciplines: domains of knowledge and the ways of knowing. The domains of knowledge suggest declarative or conceptual knowledge and the knowing infers procedural or process knowledge. Michael Carter addresses this relationship in his article Ways of Doing, Knowing, and Writing in the Disciplines. Carter emphasizes that â€Å"writing is a way of knowing in the discipline†, meaning there is a link between the knowing inside our discipline and the ways of writing. We will write a custom essay sample on Writing in the Discipline: Relationship to the Ways of Knowing and Doing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He is not incorrect in his argument that the ways of knowing and doing affect the ways of writing in the disciplines, but it can also be argued that the ways of writing and doing influence the knowing in the discipline. Based on that idea we must view the ways of writing writing as a chronological process involving the knowing and the doing as influencing the ways of writing. Rather, we must understand how they are interconnected within our disciplines. For example, Carter argues that the knowledge and ways of knowing in the science metadiscipline influence the ways of doing a lab and writing the lab report. My argument is that this relationship can also function in the opposite direction. The way of doing the lab and writing the lab report can influence the knowing in the discipline of science. The purpose of this piece will be to develop an understanding of how the ways of doing bridge the gap between the ways of knowing and writing inside or across disciplines. The University of Maine’s Persuasive and Analytical Writing course has been redesigned to emphasize this relationship between the ways of knowing, doing, and writing inside and across disciplines using a curriculum based on the concept of genres. The ENG 212 Syllabus helps us to understand that genres are â€Å"not simply ways of classifying types of cultural products; they are â€Å"social actions† (Miller 1984): recurrent textual forms that organize, shape, and transact activities: academic, professional, civic, and personal†. Professors of ENG 212 understood teaching the traditional essay wasn’t sufficient and created a curriculum focused on how specific genres of writing are not limited to the intended communities or disciplines. This concept of genres is useful for students not only because it establishes aconnection between writing, doing, and knowing but because it points to ways of doing across disciplines. Crowley and Stancliff explained this focus of genre choice amongst disciplines in their book, Critical Situations. â€Å"As individuals research, read, and write, they learn about the possibilities open to them as communicators, about the parameters of public discourse surrounding their chosen project focus, the most persuasive arguments circulating, and the history of the situation itself†(Crowley, Stancliff, 1). This idea emphasizes the argument that the ways of doing and writing influence the new possibilities of the knowing. Crowley and Stancliff also recognize that our commitments to our communities influence our genre choice. The commitment and community involvement represents the knowing and doing in the disciplines which initiates the ways of writing. ENG 212 teaches students that there is a connection between the ways we do, the knowledge we have, and the way we write. It is critical to recognize individual disciplines do impact the knowing, doing, and writing inside and outside disciplines, but also not one genre of writing is mandatory and various genres can effectively fulfill a goal across disciplines. As stated earlier, Carter emphasizes that the ways of doing connects the knowing the ways of writing in the discipline. His argument that the doing plays a central role in the conception of writing in the disciplines and that the disciplinary ways of doing is closely connected to the ways of knowing and writing. A concrete example within a discipline is an effective way to understand this connection. For example, a common exercise as a Civil Engineering major is a material testing lab. The material testing exercise is designed to engage engineering students in a procedural way of doing by which students understand the declarative knowledge, while also applying process practices. Thus, material testing is a way of doing that is aimed at a way of knowing. The way of doing is aimed at the knowing, but it is not until writing the lab report that it becomes knowing. This exemplifies the relationship among the ways of knowing and writing as a result of the ways of doing. Writing has a way of forming a better understanding or knowing of a discipline. This reinforces Carter’s argument that the doing connects the ways of writing and knowing in and across disciplines. The way of doing impacts the ways of writing in a discipline, and the writing forces us to ponder the doing which creates the knowing. The disciplines or communities individuals participate in create a specific way of doing. After interviewing Phil Dunn, director of the Engineering Technologies programs, I recognized that engineering students learn a set of skills that forces its student to use a procedural way of doing. This step by step mindset of the doing is established as a result of the requirements of our discipline. This way of doing in the disciplines also has a major influence on the ways of writing and knowing outside the discipline. The doing establishes a relationship that impacts both the writing and knowing in and across disciplines. Also, the knowing has an impact on the ways of doing and writing. These concepts are interchangeable; one influences the other depending on the situations individuals are faced with. Critical situations arise and individuals chose their ways of doing and writing based on the knowing. This relationship among knowing, doing, and writing is largely impacted by the conceptual knowledge and procedural knowledge of the discipline. The way of doing seems to be the common link between the knowing and writing in the disciplines. The crucial link to understanding the disciplines as a way of knowing, doing, and writing is to understand the ways of doing that characterizes the discipline. We now understand that the ways of doing, knowing, and writing are all interconnected whether inside or outside the discipline. The discipline or community individuals are a part of will influence the ways of doing across disciplines. The major argument is that the ways of writing or the choice in genre does not have to be specific within specific disciplines. Surely, there are genres common to disciplines but the discipline is not limited to only those genres. Based on the situation at hand, genre choices will change based on the doing, the knowing, and the commitments. Therefore, it is not the discipline that affects our choice in writing, rather it is the ways of doing and in part the ways of knowing that influence the writing. In conclusion, â€Å"the ties of writing, doing, and knowing should not be emphasized as writing in or out of the disciplines but as writing of the disciplines. † (Carter, 415)

Review of WebMD on ADHD Essay Example

Review of WebMD on ADHD Essay After evaluation WebMD website on ADD I have come to realize that the Information Is accurate, current, and provides a complete overview of the topic at hand. The definition of Accuracy Is defined as, the condition or quality of being true, correct, or exact; freedom from error or defect; preschools or exactness; correctness. (dictionary. Com) Accuracy Is Important when dealing with any type of information: but more so when dealing with medical information. WebMD provides us with link where we can contact the author of article and ask any questions retaining to the illness or disease. Another link that provides us with closure or authenticity is the who we are tab provided by the website. This is where you can find the credibility on the authors. On this link, it lists where they went to school, their board certification, and their previous/current employment. After evaluation WebMD, I have found that the information is accurate and trustworthy. I feel one of the most important things to consider when evaluating a weapon is how current the information is on the article. Website can lose their credibility if the information that they provided is out of date. We will write a custom essay sample on Review of WebMD on ADHD specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Review of WebMD on ADHD specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Review of WebMD on ADHD specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This makes it very crucial for websites to provide the newest information possible. Another issue that websites have is dead links. Dead links are web pages that have been updated or worked on and the link has been taken down. WebMD. Com was published in 2005; with the most recent update being in 2014. This weapon has also been able to make sure that there are no dead links on the website. When I compared WebMD information to the CDC website about ADD, I found similar to exact information. This is also a great way to mind out how accurate/current the information is on both of websites. Web coverage Is also very important. WebMD provides us with very detailed information that Is very easy to understand. The page also provides Images to help understand and support people with the illness or disease that they are describing. After reviewing the coverage of information on the website, I found that the website provided us with a complete overview of the disease. WebMD has proven that they have provided excellent coverage by providing us with accurate Information, correct clang, and fully operating links. Although some other websites require additional software to view their material, WebMD does not. This makes the Information very accessible. I feel that this weapon has provided us with a perfectly well rounded website that completely covers all aspects of evaluation In conclusion, many websites can provide people with false, inaccurate, or out dated information. It is very imperative when someone is searching for information regarding health issues on the Internet that information. It is important when dealing with a website that it is accuracy, current, ND has excellent coverage. Dont believe everything you read on the internet! People writing the information might not be qualified enough to write the information you are reading. The information that is most current is a great way to know that you are getting the most recent studies of the issue at hand. When evaluating the WebMD website on ADD and ADD I found that everything was accurate, all of the information was current, and the coverage on the information provided was very well organized and well written. The information provided also covered all of the basis of ADD/ADD.

Sexual Reorientation Therapy essays

Sexual Reorientation Therapy essays In todays American culture, homosexuality is seen much differently than is has been in past years. It is pretty much accepted by the psychological community as a sexual preference that cannot be changed that that is possibly genetically predetermined or that is a result of brain structures. Anyone who would suggest that perhaps there is a way for homosexuals to attain sexual attraction towards the opposite sex is often accosted by not only members of the psychological community but also leaders of the homosexual community. However, if there is a form of sexual reorientation therapy being practiced and has seen results, it is a possibility that must be investigated. I suggest that human sexuality is much more fluid than previously thought; that homosexual desires are more a result of relational problems with others and feelings of rejection, and that many homosexuals who are unhappy with their sexual orientation have options to help them attain the lifestyle that that want. In past decades, the attitudes in the country towards homosexuals were ones of avoidance and complete disapproval. In fact, the subject was very rarely discussed. It wasnt until the 1960s that our culture became more comfortable discussing sexuality. This time period is known as the sexual revolution. Although many religious organizations spoke out against homosexuality, it slowly became a more acceptable lifestyle to the point where according to a recent Gallup poll about only 55% of Americans agree with homosexual marriages. This all sounds as if homosexuals in this country would be very content with their lifestyle. However, this isnt the case. If you were to ask homosexuals whether they would prefer to be straight if they had the choice, most would say yes. However, organizations such as the American Psychological Association have dismissed the notion that homosexuals might be able to switch orientation. So, has there b...

An Analysis of Dark Nights Harvey Dent

The Two Faces of Harvey Dent Just like the proverbial adage of love and hate, superheroes and villains have a very thin line that separates the two. The I Ch’ing offers the Yin and Yang arguing that good cannot exist without evil. The question arises to try to determine what exactly makes someone a villain or a superhero. There is often a personal or emotional connection that the authors and film directors tries to convey so the audience can identify with the characters. Sometimes, fictional characters are made to seem obviously one-sided. Shakespeare wrote, â€Å"Villains that were plainly evil without any explanation which then made it clear who the protagonists were. † This kind of character does not satisfy human curiosity and reasoning. The question still remains at the end which continues to gnaw at our intellect. In the film, Dark Knight directed by Christopher Nolan, the writer tries to answer this question with the character of Harvey Dent, otherwise known as the villain Two-Face. Harvey Dent comes out in the second film of a grittier and darker version of the legendary comic superhero Batman series. Much of the audience is well-versed in the Batman villains so the character Harvey Dent comes out as the morally incorruptible, by-the-book District Attorney of Gotham city; the revelation of his duplicitous nature is inevitable because of how principled he is when it comes to fighting crime. Usually, those people who are so polarized on one side tend to fall the hardest to the other side. Nolan uses the character of Rachel, Dent’s love interest, a sort of love triangle with Bruce Wayne (Batman’s alter ego) to explain his true emotions. Using the different personality theories, the question can be answered with more satisfaction. Myers-Briggs has a dichotomous scheme of how people are configured while Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs sets up stages of a person’s life. Ultimately, Freud’s Superego, ego, and Id identify the level of maturity that a person demonstrates. These theories expose the character of Harvey Dent and how a hero can become a villain because of his inherent traits, life experiences, and bad choices. The inherent traits that lead Harvey Dent into a spiral of shame can be explained by Myers-Briggs dichotomous chart of personality types. Harvey Dent starts out in the film in the spotlight, brand new leader of Gotham City as the prosecutor. He is a role model of principles and law. He is unflinching and unwavering in his ambition and fight against crime. Dent tends be extraverted in his personality. He likes being in the spotlight. He likes things to be black and white because he is a very principled man. Dent does not like to make deals with criminals and he makes it very clear to everyone that he will not be bribed in any way. He will not bargain which seems like a characteristic that he was born with. He is very straight forward with people. If he does not like someone, he will make it known to that person right away. On the other side, his affections for Rachel, the deputy district attorney, are apparent as well as the audience sees them out together besides their professional relationship. (Dark Knight) The audience can tell that Dent is very meticulous and logical sometimes appearing cold but his internal passion for what he believes drive him to do the things he does. The law is his guide and he does not let emotion get the best of him until the Rachel dies because of the choices of others. Dent is an easy target because of these traits. He is very predictable. â€Å"Live to see yourself become the villain, or die a hero,† says Dent after he lives. Dark Knight) Only he lives by principle while others live on emotion. He makes it very clear after Rachel that he will no longer be controlled by his principles. This inherent disillusionment alters his outlook on life and he becomes the other extreme. By the time, he dies in the movie; he abandons all reason and goes with his emotions of apa thy and revenge. Harvey Dent’s struggle with dealing with Rachel’s death can be further explained by Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. He begins as the highest level with self-actualization where he can truly serve the will of the people and the law. But, the experience ultimately is too much for him to deal with. Above all, he has fought for the safety of himself and the people, but since he could not protect the one he loved, he cannot face losing anyone else thus his revenge leads to blood. The ideals he stood for go out the window and he punishes the wrong people. He is blind to morality after this tragedy. He has no distinction between right and wrong, a good person and an evil person. In this sense, Nolan wanted to show the audience how certain experiences affect people and no one can control every situation or circumstance. It all becomes luck and fortune which somebody like Harvey Dent cannot accept. Thus, because of these experiences of pain and regret, he cannot move on in his life and make the proper decisions of his rank and person. He falls and ultimately pays his own price by his flip of the coin. Freud’s theory of subconscious levels seems to depict the choices that Harvey Dent makes that lead him to become a villain rather than stay a hero. After the death of Rachel, Dent could have mourned and moved on in his life, but his selfish desires of revenge compel him to make bad choices that harm innocent people like the Gordon’s family. In a sense, his altruistic nature at first seemed all too clean and perfect. The audience all knows no one can be that perfect and be a human being. His true selfish nature comes out that it was really all for his egotistical gratification and when he was hurt, then everyone should also suffer. Nolan tries to reach the audience with Dent’s emotional pain. Most people are not sure whether to like and support Dent or hate him for being so weak and selfish. He is actually dishonoring the memory of Rachel by being a villain. In the end, he could have done the right things but he chose to take the darker path. This then shows how the line is not a very wide line between good and evil. It is all the choices that people make that make them good or evil. Harvey Dent is a character that is a facade of good and evil. Everyone has a choice to be good or evil throughout their lives. All human beings go through difficult times; it is how we deal with it that makes us who we are. Nolan tries to capture that theme with Harvey Dent. The different personality theories help explain the fictional character to better understand ourselves.

How do American Perceptions of an Ideal Hero Relate to our Ideas of Essay

How do American Perceptions of an Ideal Hero Relate to our Ideas of Masculinity, and How is This American Vision of Masculinity - Essay Example Today, they come to life in many high-calibrated movie films. However, they do not just come alive in these movie films, but they are perfect portrayal of the American way of viewing masculinity. Such vision of masculinity can also be viewed within the cowboy culture. This paper tries to discuss how American perceptions of an ideal hero relate to our common ideas of masculinity, and how this vision is portrayed in the fiction â€Å"Cowboy† written by Thomas McGuane. Cowboy The cowboy culture is known for being able to outlaw violence, possess physical prowess, and self-made success (Flood 114). These all reveal the classic views of American masculinity which correspondingly are depicted in movie films that try to emphasize the supernatural powers of superheroes. In fact, the main themes of these films significantly show substantial level of information on the main characters’ way of outlawing violence, and obtaining physical prowess and self-made success. The violence f or instance is a perfect portrayal of an evil act and overcoming it is such a good gesture which is highly commendable by the society. Outlawing of violence requires substantial amount of power, energy and something to that effect in the same way with obtaining physical prowess and self-made success. All these characteristics are viewed to be a â€Å"must possess† by men in a society where there is strong importance given to competitiveness which is one of the indicators of masculinity based on Hofstede’s theory of cultural dimension. This scenario is perfectly portrayed in the fiction â€Å"Cowboy† by Thomas McGuane. â€Å"†¦and they had it positioned by the door of the barn so it’d be convenient for the hired man to stagger out at all hours and fight breech births and scours and any other disorder sent us by cow gods. We had some doozies. One heifer got pregnant and her calf was near as big as she was. Had to reach in with a saw and take it out in pieces† (McGuane 2). This entirely depicts the picture of how the cowboys invest their time in trying to save life and stand on their ground when a need for their strength and time arises. When push comes to shove, they are to maximize their strength, come up with initiative and understand that everything counts within a specified time. This is one of the common scenarios found in ranches by an animal herder such as the cowboys in the story. They also are normally not distracted by various mishaps in life, rather their ultimate vision is about moving on. â€Å"Only mishap was when the manure spreader threw a rock and knocked me senseless and I drove the rig into an irrigation ditch. The old sumbitch never said a word but chained up and pulled us out with his Ford† (2). This scene in the story depicts the remarkable attitude possessed by the old lady’s brother, a cowboy, towards moving on. Without a word, he did what he believed is appropriate and no amount of wo rds for blames was uttered. It depicts how man is expected to prove himself in the midst of situations where what is only required is his physical strength and strong conviction to face certain situation in order to move on. There was no turning back, but the ultimate way is to move forward, go find for solution, look out for the best move and implement it, â€Å"†¦never said a word

United States Armed Forces Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

United States Armed Forces - Essay Example Therefore, income not only determines the power but also the class of the individual, his financial and opinionated position in society. These classes permeate an individual’s social behaviour where the upper class has a superior way of doing things as compared to the inferior ways of other classes. The status of an employee within an organisation can only be achieved through personal effort in a system of open class (Weir, 2007). This is in comparison to the social class to which any given employee belongs. The armed forces of the US are composed of several branches such as the army, navy, air force and others. It has a tradition of national control of the military with the president being the overall head. It consists of men and women who have decided to bring a difference and at the same time dedicated to serving and defending what they believe in (Majpeter et al, 1986). Therefore, this paper seeks to identify and define classes within this organisation in relation to geographic mobility by focusing on the regional variations and changing family definitions. Classes The correlation between income and education, in many ways, determine the job security and contentment, size of family and cultural values. This creates a scenario that associate poverty with reduced life expectancy and best education with wealth (Weir, 2007). Even though there could be many characteristics that could be employed to describe a person’s class, the mostly used are one’s occupation, education, a nd wealth. In the US, some of these factors define a person’s class. According to Tucker (2011) class is the categorization of people depending on the riches, earnings, and education. It s though the definition that the particular classes are constructed. There exist the upper, middle, and lower classes that are frames of reference in most of the communities. It is factual that birds of a feather flock together, however, in today’s multicultural society things have changed. Today, more than ever, people’s classes tend to differentiate internally. In the US military, class is associated with an individual’s rank. The bottom of the class is composed of individuals with no ranks. These groups of people are mainly young and single. In addition, they are usually less of college education because most of them are those just from high school (Roth-Douquet and Schaefer, 2007). As the class level goes up, it stops at non commissioned officers. This is the largest class in the US military. Their role is to manage a small group of employees, and the group forms the lower middle as well as the middle class according to the ranking scale of classes. This position is able by progression through the junior ranks. This promotion is, however, very competitive and it is attained after having served in the military for at least between three to six years. From this class, there is the warrant officer. These officers are highly skilled, and are specialists in certain areas. They do order detachments, but can also coach and train. However, their main job is to serve as technical experts by providing valuable skills and leadership to commanders and organisations in their field of expertise (Weir, 2007). This group forms the upper middle class. At the top of the class is the commissioned officer who forms the much-coveted upper class. These officers are responsible for larger groups of employees, and are

Community Theatre Essay Example for Free

Community Theatre Essay Theatre is often regarded as a very effective medium in which to portray the challenges and triumphs of a community. Through stories, such as Marmalade Gumdrops, the importance of certain areas of life can be addressed, and by using both physical and visual representations, a community can both create and visualise how challenges can be triumphed. Throughout history, communities have banded together to create what is now known as community theatre. By using people from the community to create a play for the community, messages and contexts are clear to see. In the case of Marmalade Gumdrops, the play was not created by our community, but it was created for it. Having the importance of keeping your imagination laid out in a simplistic form such as in a child’s bedroom, people of all ages are able to bond and connect with it. Marmalade Gumdrops, is a play that carries a simple message, in a simple way. Using an open space with minimal props of bright primary colours, and having characters such as desks or a lamps, creates a known atmosphere; a comfortable place that the viewers all relate to. Using simple and sparse props, audiences can see the message that has been created for them. Showing the relationships that children create between themselves and the sanctuaries they live in, a bedroom, creates a vulnerable, malleable feel to the atmosphere as an audience watches this play. In the community that Mount Isa has, keeping imagination alive is a key issue, because of the way things work. With parents working long hours at the mines, and with not much to do, both kids and adults have to learn to use what we have. Marmalade Gumdrops uses realistic settings mixed with very unrealistic, extraordinary circumstances and events to broaden and awaken the minds of those who watch it. The relationship between a child and his books, is a rather important one to include within this play. The days of children getting lost in a good book are gone, but by having this connection to his bookcase (envisioning knowledge), this child has now created a world of his own. By having a chair that takes this child’s anger away, and a lamp that isn’t as bright as you would think, the audience can see that the child in the play is learning to teach with stories, and learning to control feelings, all by learning to imagine and let go. In community theatre, language is a key point when considering a story. Every word and every context given to the audience in Marmalade Gumdrops is easily understood by a child, and yet the subtext of some actions, such as the lamp blowing bubbles every time a new idea was formed, would be something that the adults would notice more than the children. The idea that â€Å"Imagination is like a marmalade gumdrop; once youve tasted it, youll never settle for just plain. â€Å"is such a simple and imaginative thing, and yet it is something that communities, particularly adults, forget. Whether it be because it’s just how things work, or because of influences, people forget what it is to be a kid, or just what it is to have an imagination. As the play progresses, audiences are subconsciously prompted to use their own imagination. As each new prop emerges or as a new scenario starts, the viewers start seeing things that could happen, or things that they themselves would do with what is shown on the stage. They start to want to bring everything to life the way that the characters do in the play. When the child, Walter, picks up an object out of the box, the entire cast on stage (the desk, the bed, the lamp etc) all lean in, and are excited to see what happens next. This in turn gets the viewers excited, and creates a longing to be imaginative. This in itself proves the fact that community theatre is an effective way to not only view, but create, triumphs. Every time Clair (the lamp) blows â€Å"thought† bubbles, and Winthrop (the chair) takes of his hat, audiences are awaiting a new adventure, and a new taste of something long forgotten. For the children in the audience, a sense of fun and excitement bubbles up. This play is a way of showing the children that having an imagination is ok. Having fun is not only ok, but that to have fun, you don’t even need much. With today’s society full of â€Å"I need† and â€Å"I want† when it comes to new fashions and toys, the natural response to imagination has become â€Å"that’s stupid†. Marmalade Gumdrops not only shows, but proves, that simple things in life count, and that things are never the same once you know how to imagine. By creating this play, Marmalade Gumdrops, Carol Lauck has shown the true meaning of imagination. The telling of so many stories all within one big story is such an effective way of grasping an audience’s attention. This is exactly what community theatre is all about. Using characterisation and relatable scenes, Carol has created an ideal way to show this community a message. It has shown us a challenge, and it has taught us how to beat it.

Artificial Intelligence :: Essays Papers

Artificial Intelligence The computer revolution has influenced everyday matters from the way letters are written to the methods in which our banks, governments, and credit card agencies keep track of our finances. The development of artificial intelligence is just a small percentage of the computer revolution and how society deals with, learns, and incorporates artificial intelligence. It will only be the beginning of the huge impact and achievements of the computer revolution. A standard definition of artificial intelligence, or AI, is that computers simply mimic behaviors of humans that would be regarded as intelligent if a human being did them. However, within this definition, several issues and views still conflict because of ways of interpreting the results of AI programs by scientists and critics. The most common and natural approach to AI research is to ask of any program, what can it do? What are the actual results in comparison to human intelligence? For example, what matters about a chess-playing program is how good it is. Can it possibly beat chess grand masters? There is also a more structured approach in assessing artificial intelligence, which began opening the door of the artificial intelligence contribution into the science world. According to this theoretical approach, what matters is not the input-output relations of the computer, but also what the program can tell us about actual human cognition (Ptack, 1994). From this point of view, artificial intelligence can not only give a commercial or business world the advantage, but also a understanding and enjoyable beneficial extend to everyone who knows how to use a pocket calculator. It can outperform any living mathematician at multiplication and division, so it qualifies as intelligent under the definition of artificial intelligence. This fact does not entertain the psychological aspect of artificial intelligence, because such computers do not attempt to mimic the actual thought processes of people doing arithmetic (Crawford, 1994). On the other hand, AI programs that simulate human vision are theoretical attempts to understand the actual processes of human beings and how they view and interpret the outside world. A great deal of the debate about artificial intelligence confuses the two views, so that sometimes success in artificial intelligence's practical application is supposed to provide structured or theoretical understanding in thi s branch of science known as cognitive science. Chess-playing programs are a good example.

Fireweed – Trip to Wales!

I am called Bill and I live with my auntie and father in London. My mother is dead and my father always said I was never to be sent away as an evacuee. When my father was called up for active service in the army I was left with my auntie. We wrote numerous letters to my father but he never replied to any of them. My auntie started to moan and groan about not being able to manage me. So, she decided to send me of as an evacuee, even though it was against my father's wishes. Auntie wrote to my father and said that I was being sent to another part of the country as an evacuee (not explaining why she sent me). I didn't even know where I was going, all alone without any money at all, not even a penny for a stamp to write to my father. The station was jam packed with children of all ages. Everyone had a bag, enclosed was a change of clothes and a label attached with an address written in capital letters to make it stand out. Two trains passed before, ours finally arrived. I was stuck in a carriage with mostly girls in uniform. Opposite me sat a great fat woman dressed all in blue, hairy tweed. As the journey progressed we passed station after station, nobody knew where we where going. Until finally the train stopped and everyone disembarked. Darkness was falling and after waiting half an hour another train came and our carriage was joined on the back. By now it was pitch black. Eventually we reached our destination, which turned out to be Wales. Once of loaded everyone was counted and put with a billeting officer who would find us billets in which to stay. One by one each child was chosen and I was last to go. The man took me up a pathway and by this stage I was feeling a tiny bit unwanted, neglected, and rather orphaned. He spoke in welsh to the people and after some persuasion they took me in. I stepped inside into a big farm kitchen where a great log fire was blazing like a forest rapidly burning down. The heat was inconceivable. Served on the tabletop there was bread, cheese and also a cold roast chicken. My stomach felt empty I was famished and the sight of food made the rumbling noises even worse. They asked my age and I replied fifteen. At last I was offered something to eat and then shown to my bedroom. The couple I was staying with were called Mr and Mrs Williams living with them were two shepherds, David and Evan. They hardly spoke a word of English just enough to cope with telling me things. In this welsh valley there were two chapels, no church and no cottages only rows of terraced houses. It was rather poor at that. I spent a lot of time on my bed reading an aged copy of the woman's weekly, which Mrs Williams stored under the staircase. When the billeting officer came round to see how I was getting on with the Williams, they seemed quite content with me. Feeling rather bored, I finally plucked up the courage and asked if there was a school nearby which I could attend. In the village there was only a primary school that was for juvenile children, but Mrs Williams suggested the grammar school on the other side of the mountains. The only trouble was how would I get there? The only option would be to get the bus. Yet again a problem arose. The bus fair! I had no money. So out came pen and paper to write a letter to my auntie telling her about the grammar school and asking if she could write to father and ask him to send me money for the bus fare. I also asked for my father's address. I posted the letter in the post office at the back of the village shop I waited for a reply but no letter came. An unusual thing happened one day, Mrs Williams approached me saying that she needed to check my hair for lice. Naturally enough I refused argued and ran out of the house until I came to a dip. I decided to jump but slipped and fell into heavy disinfectant that burnt my mouth and nose. I swallowed several mouthfuls. David and Evan who had been trying to catch me were in stitches of laughter. I was so angry I felt like a raging bull. When I gathered myself together I began to shake all over this made David and Evan very concerned. They took me back to the house and as I stood by the fire they stripped my wet clothes that were laden with disinfectant of me. Afterwards I went to bed. The following morning to my delight Mrs Jones informed me that there was post for me. My heart pounded like the footsteps of an elephant. In actual fact I received two letters! The first opened was from my auntie. Enclosed was my father's address, a book of stamps and she hoped I would write to him often. The other letter, number two was from my father. He missed me a lot. My father had sent me three whole pounds! This was the biggest amount of money I had ever been given in my life. This overwhelmed me. My first thoughts were to calculate how many bus fares would this pay for. Then I got to thinking about Auntie and home and decided that I would use the money for my train fare back to London. Leaving Mr and Mrs Williams, David, Evan and the terraced houses behind I left for the station. The timetable showed only one train per day at the village. The man at the ticket desk stared at me as though he were looking right through me. When I saw him, I was frightened that he would recognise me so I put plan B into action. I walked to the crossroads. ‘Owestry =15 miles'. I looked down at my worn shoes; there was a station at Owestry. I bought a pair of boots so I could walk to Owestry as I had a funny feeling my old shoes wouldn't make it. I set off not having the foggiest how long it would take me to walk there. I bought a brown bap from a bakery van, which I met outside the village. When I arrived in Owestry it was late afternoon. I found the station and waited for the train to leave. It left and hour and a half late. Once I reached London I caught the bus home. Suddenly it took a wrong turn! Then I was told that the street no longer stood. I got of the bus as quick as my legs could carry me. I walked to my auntie's house and everything was grand until a warden stopped me asking where I was going. I was totally bewildered they wouldn't even let me my own home. Nobody was there to look after me. My auntie was not there any more. I was going to stay put I decided at least until my father came home. I was determined about this.

Negative Body Image of Teen Girls Essay

Abstract Teenage girls everywhere are under constant pressure to have a body which is acceptable by society. Many aspects of society make females feel shameful of their body, leading to a negative body image. This study will determine exactly which aspects of society cause a teenage girl to think poorly of their body. If those influential factors are discovered, we can prevent teenage girls from shaming their bodies. In order to do so, I have conducted a survey and surveyed a population of fourteen teenage girls, ages fifteen to seventeen years old. The survey included a variety of questions which determined exactly what we needed to find out. It was discovered that the main reason that teenage girls feel as if their body is unacceptable to society is because of media and their own perception of their body. If society is always comparing us to those who are better, we are obviously going to look down upon ourselves. From the data found in the surveys, we know exactly what causes teenage girls to have a negative body image and what effect that has on their well-being. Negative Body Image and Teen Girls Shame. Guilt. Depression. These are just a few of the emotions that young women experience after spending only three minutes looking at models in fashion magazines(DeLeeuw, 2013). Teen girls all over the world are constantly struggling with their body image, attempting to keep up with the latest trends while maintaining peace with who they are. By studying negative body image we can find out what factors influence someone to think poorly about their body. If a cause is found then we can stop teen girls from looking at their body in such a negative way. A question that needs to be answered is: how does one develop a negative body image? Media Media is an large influential factor that causes teen girls to shape and distort their perceptions of their bodies. The media creates unrealistically  thin body ideals which results in teen girls wanting to look similar to photoshopped models, celebrities, etc. Media can be influential in many different ways: television, magazines, internet, advertisements, etc(Piran, 2000). Media over-exaggerates and causes an over-concern with weight. Young women are already dealing with enough stress through school, work, peers and family, there is no need to unnecessarily worry about their body image. Unfortunately, media is everywhere and causes a constant anxiety in teen girls to have a â€Å"perfect body†. Trends On a similar note, fashion trends cause young women to feel as if they should alter their body so that they can wear a certain style. Recently, crop tops and high waisted shorts have been â€Å"in†. This could cause teen girls to want to rapidly lose weight in order to feel comfortable in these trends. Unfortunately, fashion delivers an upsetting fantasy of a skinny young girl. Not often do we see overweight girls modeling clothes, it is often young women who look as if they are underweight. This causes teen girls idolize how the models do in the same clothes, again leading to rapid weight loss and other unhealthy habits. Eating Disorders Since our society is so obsessed with image and having a good body, many young women resort to dieting methods which lead to body dysmorphic disorders. A surprising amount of teen girls are affected by eating disorders: anorexia, bulimia, extreme dieting, or crash dieting. Eating disorders are commonly misunderstood, as they are actually mental illnesses and often have nothing to do with the consumption of food. Eating disorders are mostly a psychological issue which makes an individual see her body as bigger than she actually is. Since she is seeing herself as overweight, she may turn to a form of dieting which is not healthy. Eating disorders most often result in weight loss at an unhealthy rate; however, some may have an eating disorder which is not physically visible but is experienced mentally. Body dysmorphic disorders can be developed because of either psychological, biological or environmental factors(Katz, 2012). Specific aspects of society put pressure onto teen girls to have a body that reflects the unrealistic expectations of society today, resulting in young  women feeling poorly about themselves. Methods In order to collect data and find similarities and differences, I conducted a survey and distributed it to classmates. The survey consisted of a series of multiple choice and open ended questions in order to determine how teen girls felt about their body and the influential factors. I surveyed a total of fourteen teenage females who attend Lester B. Pearson High School. Their ages ranged from fifteen-seventeen years of age. I chose this population because these ages and this gender were relevant to the information in which I am studying and analyzing. The data was then analyzed by contrasting and comparing the results from each survey. I chose the questions that I found most relevant the my research topic to analyze. Results Analyzing the data gave a further understanding of the topics. The first one being: â€Å"Are you happy with your body?†. After comparing each individual answer, 65% of those surveyed answered with â€Å"no†. Another question that I analyzed was: â€Å"have you ever gone on a diet to change the way you look?†. I discovered that 72% of those surveyed answered with â€Å"yes†. The survey included a series of nine images of body types, numbers one and two being underweight. I asked â€Å"if you could change your body, which of these figures would you want to look like?†. Once looking at the answers that those surveyed gave, 50% of the participants answered with either one or two, stating that they wished they had an underweight body. Discussion After surveying a population, many facts have been observed which will contribute to the research topic of negative body image of teenage girls. Teenage girls are willing to do many harmful things to their bodies in order to please â€Å"society†. Society puts so much pressure on young women to have the ideal body and to conform to everyone else. My findings have confirmed my hypothesis, and have shown how significant my topic is to many females in today’s world. However, that â€Å"perfect body† is nearly impossible. There will always be something to fix, something to change, society will never be pleased. After conducting the survey, the results were a helpful contribution to the research topic because it gave real world examples of negative body image. It showed how teen girls are impacted so harshly by  society, media and even by themselves. This could be due to many reasons: the individual’s own perception of their body, peer pressure, pressure from family or media; however, the majority of those surveyed said that the biggest cause of their body image concerns were due to the perception they had of their own body. This directly informs us that teen girls put so much pressure on themselves to have a â€Å"perfect body† that it leads them to constantly view their body in a detrimental way. The majority of participants were unhappy with their body and would be willing to go to certain extremes to change some features, through things such as dieting. Crash diets can be an example of these extremes, being an unhealthy way to rapidly lose weight. Before surveying the population, we did not have an exact understanding as to what caused teenage girls to think negatively of their body. The fact that their own perception of their body is the leading reason just proves how much pressure not only media puts on girls, but also they themselves do. They should not be putting this much pressure onto themselves, it will eventually cause them to break down. Rather than giving teenage girls advertisements with perfectly thin and fit females, we should be giving them advertisements with women of all shapes and sizes. This way, they are not comparing themselves to a supermodel with an unrealistic body. The survey furthered our knowledge on this topic by giving us a real world example as to how teenage girls feel about the pressures they have in order to achieve a socially acceptable body. Conclusion This research topic is important and beneficial to our knowledge because it gives a deeper understanding of what causes a teenage girl to think negatively of her body. We now know what steps we can take in order to boost one’s self-esteem. Society should be praising teenage girls for their body so that they can feel comfortable in their own skin, rather than providing a supermodel with an unrealistic model to compare themselves to. These supermodels clearly impact teenage girls, as we discovered that 50% wish they had an underweight body. Not only is media causing pressure, but trends are a contributing factor. Teenage girls are constantly wanting to fit in with current fashion trends and are willing to go to certain extremes in order to achieve a body that will look good wearing these clothes. The constant pressure to have a perfect body can cause teenage girls to resort  to unhealthy ways of getting that dream body. There is a possibility of a teenage girl developing a body dysmorphic order, because of the constant pressure to have a socially acceptable body. She could resort to dieting methods such as crash dieting, or could induce vomitting, also known as bulimia. Society needs to make a conscious effort in order to make teenage girls feel proud of their body, no matter what shape or size. Each and every girl is beautiful in their own way, and should not feel the need to change their body in order to please society.

University of Newcastle Essays

University of Newcastle Essays University of Newcastle Essay University of Newcastle Essay 1)What segmentation base has Red Bull adopted to target consumers? How should Red Bull further segment the market in the future? When marketers begin instigate their strategy they will begin by selecting a marketing base at which they will aim their strategy. The Bases can be broken into four segments on the basis of two criteria: 1- Facts, which can be determined by a single objective or cognitions that are more abstract 2-Consumer rooted features relating to consumers physical, social and psychological needs versus consumption specific behaviour or preferences towards a product. Based on this criteria the four segments business use include: -Demographic, based on general features of human life -Geographic, based on the region the consumers live in -Behavioural, based on the consumers preferences towards products -Psychographic, based on the personality traits of consumers While many companies choose to aim their marketing strategy at a single consumer base, many successful companies choose to engage many segmentation bases with one marketing strategy. This process is called hybrid segmentation. This can be seen with Red Bulls â€Å"guerrilla marketing† strategy that established them as a successful company. It is clear that the marketing strategy segmented the market demographics and psychographic segments. For example the unique strategy that was developed to demographically target students/young adults and aimed to psychographically appeal due to their active and outgoing lifestyles. In order to continue their success in the market, Red Bulls targeted consumer base can be further segmented to increase profitability. ) How Does Red Bull arouse the motivations of consumers to purchase energy drinks? Motivation can be seen as the driving force that impels the consumer to act in fulfilling their needs, hopefully through the consumer purchasing their products. Red Bull achieves this through providing positive motivation for the consumer. 3) Describe the Brand Personality of Red Bull. Why do you think the concept of brand personality is so important to Red Bull?

The future has begun Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The future has begun - Research Proposal Example Moreover, the process that food goes through when in the farm also determines on their quality. Natural nutrients for plants and animal produce the healthiest food for human beings. The use of chemical to enhance growth contributes to unhealthy effect when people consume such products. Underwood argues that the process of producing better beef have a cost to consumers. He says that Bryan Gilvesy beef is not just a beef like other, but a lean, tender and clean beef (Underwood). Underwood discusses the life of Bryan Gilvesy as an experienced farmer. He has worked in his farm for more than 15 years taking care of his longhorn cattle’s which have a diverse breed that overcome diseases and feed on a variety of plants. Moreover, the cattle’s do calve with minimum human interference. Therefore, the way into the future is likened to the work of producing good quality beef that have healthier nutrient that increases the nutrient taken by human

Health Benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Health Benefits - Essay Example In addition, this paper outlines a design of an outcomes measurement strategy and a plan for my organization to use to assess the quality of care and reduce risk. According to Beattie (2014), one of the ways to evaluate quality of care offered to my employees by my health benefits contractor involves assessing health care processes. In essence, there are rules, guidelines, and standards that ought to be followed in provision of care. For instance, a physician or health care provided should treat a patients medical records with utmost confidentiality. Subsequently, a physician ought to consider the feelings of patient and as well respect his or her decision in regard to care (Kleinman and Dougherty, 2013). Therefore, I would ask my employees to appraise whether all these factors were considered in the care provided by the health care benefits contractor. Secondly, I would evaluate the quality of care by investigating whether the intended outcomes or results were achieved (Beattie, 2014). All health care services are intended to improve the overall health status of a patient. Achievement of predicted results in relation to care denotes the fact that the services provided were of high quality. Poor services are very unlikely to achieve the intended outcomes. For attainment of predicted or expected outcomes, it is of significance to design an outcomes measurement strategy or a plan to use to assess the quality of care. In elucidation, the design would include implementation of action plans to compare and contrast outcomes of medical processes within my organization with other analogous organizations (Nash and Goldfarb, 2006). Such comparison would help identify areas of weaknesses and ultimately lead to improvement of services. It is however worth noting that health outcomes are impacted by a number of factors. Patients can be divided into clusters, for instance, in terms of the diseases they are suffering from and age groups. This would